2种栽培环境对铁皮石斛内生细菌多样性的影响

  目的  揭示不同栽培环境对铁皮石斛Dendrobium catenatum内生细菌群落结构的影响，解析与石斛多糖含量存在潜在关联的功能菌种。  方法  针对温室人工基质培养和仿野生立木附生培养2种栽培体系下的铁皮石斛C9品系根、茎、叶等各部组织内生细菌，采用Illumina测序平台的Miseq进行高通量测序分析其菌落结构和多样性，同时利用逐步回归法分析内生细菌分布与组织多糖质量分数的关联性。  结果  铁皮石斛在2种栽培环境不同组织中的菌群结构差异显著（P < 0.05），附生立木仿野生环境比温室环境下物种丰富度更高。同时，根部所含分类操作单元（OTUs）数量最多（112~630个），叶部则最少（28~73个）。其中，厚壁菌门Firmicutes（16.7%~34.9%）、拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes（8.7%~35.6%）和变形菌门Proteobacteria（15.9%~42.0%）的OTUs占优势。从菌种生理功能上看，固氮相关的菌种如弗兰克菌科Frankiaceae在树培环境下相对丰度更高，推测可能受树培寡氮环境的影响使固氮菌富集。逐步回归分析结果显示:不动杆菌Acinetobacter在根、茎、叶不同组织中的相对丰度与多糖质量分数变化关联度最大，其次为假单胞菌Pseudomonas。  结论  铁皮石斛内生细菌资源相当丰富，而栽培方式影响菌群分布，且与石斛多糖质量分数具有关联性。     

水分胁迫对大豆生长与产量的影响及应对措施

在大豆生长发育过程中,非生物胁迫严重影响理化进程并降低产量,其中水分胁迫是所有其他非生物胁迫（高温、低温、土地瘠薄、盐碱等）损失的总和。为了提高大豆在水分胁迫中的抗逆性,通过归纳水分胁迫对大豆生长发育及产量的研究现状,总结干旱和淹水胁迫对大豆形态结构、生理指标及产量指标的影响,分析抵御水分胁迫的应对措施和有效方法。指出目前抗旱防涝存在的问题,并提出解决方案,以期降低水分胁迫对大豆生产造成的损失。     

浮性水产饲料膨化加工参数优化研究

为优化浮性水产饲料挤压膨化加工参数，以膨化度、容积密度、吸水性和溶失率作为饲料加工品质评价指标，采用响应面分析法研究了螺杆转速、出料段机筒温度和物料含水率对饲料加工品质的影响，并利用扫面电镜观测了饲料微观形貌。结果表明：适中的螺杆转速、出料段机筒温度以及低物料含水率，有利于形成较高的饲料膨化度；高螺杆转速与高出料段机筒温度有利于形成较低的饲料容积密度、吸水性以及溶失率；优化后的浮性水产饲料膨化加工参数为螺杆转速130 r·min^-1，出料段机筒温度150 ℃，物料含水率10%，其加工后的饲料膨化度、容积密度、吸水性和溶失率分别为1.223、0.398 g·mL^-1、214.803%、4.297%；优化后的浮性水产饲料微观表面相对光滑圆润，物料的熔融效果较好，结构质密，饲料膨化加工综合质量较好。     

水稻秧盘育秧制浆刀片匀浆过程分析及其优化设计

针对现阶段水稻秧盘育秧技术中制匀泥浆效率低下的问题,采用正交设计方法、计算流体动力学数值模拟和试验分析,对不同参数刀片在水田中匀浆作业时的匀浆效果和功率损耗进行研究。结果表明:1)单刀切削幅宽为影响泥浆运动速度和功率损耗的最大因素,折弯角影响不明显;2)当刀片滑切角为50°,折弯角为115°,单刀切削幅宽为60 mm时,刀片匀浆效果好;当滑切角为30°,折弯角为135°,单刀切削幅宽为20 mm时,功率损耗小;3)刀片中心面处和刀片折弯侧0.1 m处刀片打匀泥浆效果良好;4)功率损耗仿真值与试验值平均相对误差为12.16%,在可接受范围内。     

施用锌肥和遮阴互作对花生生长发育、抗病性及产量的影响

采用大田裂区试验，研究了施用锌肥和不同遮阴程度互作对花生生长发育、抗病性及产量的影响。结果表明，与不施锌肥相比，施用锌肥能提高花生不同部位锌含量、增加叶片SPAD值，提高花生叶片中可溶性糖、蛋白质和生长素含量，减少花生病害的发生，平均降低7.1个百分点，花生产量平均增加19.4%。相同施锌水平下，随着遮阴程度的增加，花生不同部位锌的含量和不同生育期叶片SPAD值以及花生叶片中可溶性糖、蛋白质和生长素含量呈增加趋势，花生的发病率比不遮阴对照增加4.8、10.2个百分点，花生产量平均降低16.5%、10.0%。在30%、70%的遮阴条件下，施用锌肥的花生产量比不施锌的分别提高21.1%、25.0%。本试验条件下，施用七水硫酸锌30 kg/hm2，使花生具有较强的抗低温寡照能力及抗病性能，增产显著，可在花生产区推广应用。     

The influence of diet on the grass carp intestinal microbiota and bile acids

To elucidate the influence of different diet on the intestinal microbe and bile acids, we characterized the microbiota and bile acids in the hindgut content of grass carp fed on formula feed (FF group) or Sudan grass (SG group). Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria were significantly more represented in FF group than in SG group whereas Bacteroidetes was significantly more abundant in SG group than in FF group. Simpson diversity was significantly higher in FF group than in SG group (t = 2.33, P < 0.05). Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was the most abundant primary bile acid in the two groups, with average concentrations of 1.03 ± 0.62 and 4.44 ± 1.80 ng mg^?1 in SG and FF group respectively. The most abundant secondary bile acid was deoxycholic acid (DCA) in SG group and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in FF group, with average concentrations of 0.17 ± 0.06 and 2.67 ± 0.88 ng mg^?1 respectively. UDCA is significantly more abundant in FF group than in SG group, and the total bile acids were higher in FF group than in SG group. Cetobacterium and Fusobacteriaceae U114 were significantly related with the concentrations of CDCA (r = 0.85, P < 0.05 and r = 0.82, P < 0.05 respectively) and UDCA (r = 0.92, P < 0.01 and r = 0.92, P < 0.01 respectively). However, Bacteroides was negatively related with the concentration of UDCA (r = ?0.67, P < 0.05). Overall, there existed certain relationship between the intestinal microbes and the faecal bile acids, and they were both influenced by the diet.     

Impacts of diet on hindgut microbiota and short‐chain fatty acids in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Diet is known to influence intestinal microbiota in fish, but the specifics of these impacts are still poorly understood. Different protein/fibre ratio diets may result in differing structures and activities of gut microbiota. We examined the hindgut microbiome of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed three different diets: fish meal (FM, high protein – low fibre), Sudan grass (SG, high fibre – low protein) and compound feed (CF, intermediate). Microbial profiles of fish fed on FM were significantly different from profiles of fish fed CF and SG (F = 18.85, p < .01). Cetobacterium, known to be positively associated with protein digestion, was the dominant microbial group in FM samples (approximately 75.7%), while Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, thought to be involved in fermentation of plant polysaccharides, were dominant in CF and SG samples (46.8% and 42.9% respectively). Network analyses indicated that the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichaceae was in a significantly positive correlation (r = .895, p = .001). Short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels may indicate that the digestibility of diet by microbiota in the grass carp gut decreased from FM to SG (FM>CF>SG). Overall low SCFA levels indicate that hindgut fermentation probably provides a low proportion of energy requirements in grass carp.     

亏缺灌溉对南疆棉花生长和水分利用的影响

针对南疆地区水资源短缺、作物水分利用效率低等问题,以棉花为试验材料进行田间小区试验,在棉花现蕾期、开花期以及结铃期分别设置3个亏缺灌溉水平(W₁:50%ET_c,W₂:65%ET_c,W₃:80%ET_c,ET_c为作物蒸发蒸腾量),以全生育期100%ET_c灌溉处理为对照(CK),研究膜下滴灌条件下,不同生育期亏缺灌溉对棉花生长、产量、氮素吸收和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:现蕾期亏水对棉花株高、叶面积指数、地上干物质生长、氮素吸收和产量有不同程度的抑制效应,但复水后补偿效应显著,其中轻度亏水(W₃)在籽棉产量减少3.48%的条件下,WUE高达1.57 kg/m³,显著高于CK的1.48 kg/m³;开花期亏水,棉花的各项生长指标均有显著降低,复水后补偿效应不显著,不利于棉花生长发育;结铃期亏水对棉花地上干物质累积、氮素吸收和产量均有显著的抑制效应,但在W₂和W₃水平下,WUE均达1.51 kg/m³.综合考虑在保证棉花产量的同时达到节水增产的目的,可在棉花蕾期进行80%ET_c灌水,其他生育阶段实施充分灌溉,来控制营养生长,促进生殖生长,获得更高的水分利用效率.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛奶和奶粉中五种苯并咪唑类药物

为建立牛奶及奶粉中5种苯并咪唑类药物(阿苯达唑、芬苯达唑、奥芬达唑、噻苯达唑、苯硫氨酯)简便、准确的分析检测方法,以固相萃取为净化手段,采用Acquity UPLC^® BEH C₁₈(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)色谱柱进行分离,电喷雾离子源(ESI⁺),多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。结果表明,5种苯并咪唑类药物在1~500 μg·L^-1范围内呈线性相关,相关系数(r)均大于0.996,加标平均回收率介于91.7%~97.8%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.4%~6.5%之间,基质效应均小于15%。5种药物的检出限均在0.1~3 μg·kg^-1范围内,定量限均在0.5~10 μg·kg^-1范围内。该方法操作简单、快速且灵敏度高,重现性好,能够用于牛奶及奶粉5种苯并咪唑类药物的同时测定。